Coffee and caffeinated beverages are part of the diet in all countries. Many other caffeine-containing beverages and products exist and contain significant amounts of the substance, for example, tea, chocolate, cocoa beverages, soft drinks, and energy drinks.
Nowadays, caffeine is believed to be the most frequently consumed psychostimulant worldwide, being ingested predominantly as coffee. Memories come at a gallop, carried by the wind”. Ideas begin to move like the battalions of the Grand Army on the field of the battle and the battle takes place. In 1830, he published an article in a French magazine called “Pleasures and pains of coffee”, which recounted: "coffee slips into the stomach and you immediately feel a general commotion. He was completely dependent on it and in the period in which he wrote “The Human Comedy” he went on to drink up to 50 cups a day. Saying that he loved the coffee is not enough. In the 19 th century a well-known consumer was Honoré De Balzac. The stimulant effects of caffeine on the central nervous system have been known for centuries. In the late 17 th and in the 18 th century, as sea shipping had expanded, the use of coffee became common in Europe. In the 15 th century, the diffusion of coffee, initially employed by Muslim dervishes for providing energy, had remarkably increased and countless coffee houses had opened in Arabia. At the time, coffee was used to “clean the skin, dry up the humidities that are under it, and give a better odor to the body”. “The Canon of Medicine”, written in 1025 by the Persian physician Avicenna, is the first text mentioning coffee as a medication.
Through caffeine the plant may defend itself and have a better chance of survival: in this view, caffeine can be considered as a “co-evolutionary protecting agent”. In fact, caffeine is toxic for several insects and animals, especially herbivores. Over the centuries, the habit of drinking coffee spread from Arabia to all the world.Ĭaffeine is contained in more than sixty plants, which is a remarkable number, thus it has been hypothesized that caffeine was originally a minor nutrient, not essential for the plant, but extremely useful as a pesticide. It is likely that the latter found its way into European languages in the 17 th century from the Italian word “caffé”, stemming, in turn, from the word “kahveh”, which was the Turkish way to pronounce “qahwah”. Although there is no doubt about the origin of the word, researchers do not agree on how the language process led the English word “coffee”. So it is not surprising that the word “coffee” finds its roots in Arabia, where it was called “qahwah”. Yemen was the first country to cultivate the coffee plants, whilst Turkey was the first country to roast the green coffee beans. The Persian physician Rhazes was the first to mention it in his manuscripts. The botanical name of the plant from which coffee is derived is Coffea Arabica: it finds its origins in Ethiopia and is an exceptionally hardy self-pollinating plant. There is some uncertainty about the etymology of the word “coffee”. Coffee is the most popular beverage after water and is consumed worldwide in daily amounts of approximately 1.6 billion cups, which is quite an impressive figure. The use of caffeine to stay awake and alert is a long-standing habit. This could be due to caffeine’s interaction with other substances or to the individuals' preexisting That the concepts of toxic and lethal doses are relative, since doses below the toxic and/or lethal range may play a causal Mobilization, and phosphodiesterases inhibition), use, abuse, dependence, intoxication, and lethal effects. The present review summarizes the mainįindings concerning caffeine’s mechanisms of action (focusing on adenosine antagonism, intracellular calcium Intoxication, which puts individuals at risk for premature and unnatural death. Furthermore,Ĭaffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more and more common and can lead to caffeine Thus, it is of interest to examine whether these effects could be detrimental for health. The central nervous system, with their locomotor activity stimulation and anxiogenic-like effects. Products affect the cardiovascular system, with their positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and The underlying motivations are mainly concentrationĪnd memory enhancement and physical performance improvement.
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